Getting to Know Hermes - 1192 Words

Hermes is a great ambassador of gods, the guide for human souls to the underworld, and a wise God. Hermes is the messenger of gods, because he has the magic sandals, which provide him the ability to fly. Hermes’s name in Rome is Mercury, meaning moves quickly through the sky. Hermes Greek name means fortune stone. He is an only Olympian who empower to travel through the Olympus, Earth and underworld. Moreover, Hermes is not only son of Zeus, but also known as a great helper for his father, Zeus. However, he is notorious as a thief, traveller, and a merchant. Usually, Hermes carries with himself the caduceus with twin snakes wrap around in hand, wings at heels, and the dark helmet on head (Skidmore, Joel). In a conclusion, Hermes is considers both good and bad in Greek mythology. Hermes was born as a son of â€Å"player† Zeus and â€Å"mountain nymph† Maia. His father is describes as a lady-killer, and due to the long list of women that his father has been playing around with, Hermes has a lot of half-siblings (Bakula, Jean). Hermes’s mother is Maia, a mountain nymph. She is recognizes as one of the Pleiades, and a daughter of the Titan Atlas. He was born in a cave on Mount Cyllene in Arcadia in Southern Greece (greekmythologygods.com). As a bantling, he was growing up extremely fast, unbelievable. Right after a few hours of birth, he already escaped from his mother’s sight, and went searching for adventure. His first profit was his half-brother Apollo’s cow, but later he exchangedShow MoreRelatedOdysseus And The Heroic Cycle In Homers The Odyssey806 Words   |  4 Pagesgoes awry resulting in him being captured and held hostage for seven years by the greek goddess, Calypso. Ultimately, the gods of Mt. Olympus decide the ti me has come for Odysseus to return to Ithaca and be reunited with his family. The gods send Hermes to Ogygia, Calypso’s island, to set Odysseus free. From that moment on, Odysseus is thrusted into his own heroic cycle. In Homer’s, The Odyssey during Odysseus’s journey to return home to Ithaca he follows the heroic cycle. Firstly, Odysseus followsRead MoreMythical Archetype: the Trickster and Pirates of the Caribbean731 Words   |  3 Pagestrickster. Another reason I felt that Jack Sparrow’s character portrayed the trickster so much was that, the Greek deity, Hermes, is one of classical mythology’s examples of a trickster. From birth Hermes was known for playing tricks, by nighttime on his birthday he had stolen and hidden all of Apollo’s cattle. And when Apollo encountered Hermes about he denied it. Finally after Hermes finally admitted it Apollo and him become friends, with a strong bond that could not be broken between the two of themRead More Contrasting the Black Orpheus Film and the Greek Myth of Orpheus1259 Words   |  6 PagesOrpheus, Marcel Camus interprets this well-known myth, making changes to the story to make it more dramatic and interesting. Black Orpheus is substantially different from the original myth because Orpheus has a girlfriend before meeting Eurydice, Hermes plays a different role, Orpheus kills Eurydice, Orpheus cannot bring Eurydice back from the underworld, and Orpheus’ death is different. The first factor that is different is Orpheus has a girlfriend before he ever meets Eurydice. His girlfriendRead MoreDiscourse Community Research And Analysis1084 Words   |  5 Pageshas made a great influence on me and it interests me very much. This website gives me everything! It has great information about the hottest purses, style, fashion, and celebrity news. They have so much knowledge about my favorite designers such as Hermes and Chanel. Oh my-gosh, I’m so obsessed and I have fallen head over heels in love with this blog. I believe members of this community what they are doing is keeping up with the latest fashion trends in Paris and all over the world. The blog doesRead MoreLoyalty And Faithfulness In The Odyssey And Odysseus1177 Words   |  5 Pagesout and she swung the doors open and invited all of them in. Eurylochus however suspected â€Å"a trap† and stayed back. When Eurylochus realized they were trapped he went to Odysseus and asked him to go back. While Odysseus is on his way he is met by Hermes, the god of message, and he gives Odysseus a herb that will protect him from her deadly tricks and potions. And when Odysseus went in the herb protected him, and Circe invited him to bed. But Odysseus only came back for his crew, and when he was aboutRead MoreHymn To Demeter1543 Words   |  7 PagesScout Wasdell Cillian O Hogan CLST 105 003 29 October 2017 The Power of Maternity in the Homeric Hymn to Demeter In this essay we will be studying the Homeric Hymns, including the Hymn to Apollo, to Hermes, and to Aphrodite, with particular emphasis on the Hymn to Demeter. Although he Homeric Hymns are of unknown authorship and differ widely in date, the Hymns that we will be focused on, are generally thought to have been composed between the 7th and 5th centuries BC (citation). The Hymn to DemeterRead MoreThe Odyssey By Homer s Odyssey1667 Words   |  7 Pagestook not to mention Scylla and the peril we could not avoid; I thought they would likely to leave the oars in a panic and huddle down below.† His strategy to keep his crew ignorant was quite valuable because they would not have been as successful getting past the monsters without being brave, or in this case unaware of the dangers. However, Scylla still manages to succeed with her man eating capability and captures six of the men. As Odysseus observes his men being eaten by Scylla he describes hisRead MoreTheme Of Faithfulness In The Odyssey958 Words   |  4 Pagesjourney, Odysseus mind is set on getting home to his dear wife and son. Odysseus risks his life many times throughout his journey to get home. While on the island of Aiolia, the crew come to meet Aiolos, the god of the winds. Here, they are given a bag of winds in order to get home. Odysseus is truly astonished by this opportunity, but doesn’t tell his crew what is in the bag. The windbag is then opened by someone on accident and they lose their chance of getting home. Though, Odysseus is saddenedRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Odyssey 1720 Words   |  7 PagesThe Odyssey Books 1-4 Arà ªte: †¢ Book 1 o Aigà ­sthos lacks arà ªte-â€Å"stole Agamemnon’s wife and killed the soldier on his homecoming day† (53-54) even after Hermes warned him no to o Telà ©makhos shows arà ªte by giving Mentà ªs food gifts before asking his identity- â€Å"irked with himself to think a visitor had been kept their waiting† (150-151) †¢ Book 2 o Penelope shows arà ªte with wit and trickery-â€Å"so every day she wove on the great loom†¦every night by torchlight she unwove it; and so for three years she deceivedRead MoreGlobal Communications Within An Organization1680 Words   |  7 Pagesor lack of knowledge, impacts the outcome for deadlines. Holiday observance is another factor of communication as it relates to globalization. Cultures around the world observe different holidays and days that require rest. It is important to know these dates. Staying knowledgeable of these days allows organizations to plan accordingly (Hardy, 1983). Communication plays a chief role in globalization and communication across cultures is a critical part of globalization. When communication is

Personal Crime Analysis - 656 Words

Personal Crime Analysis Personal crimes are crimes committed against a person, which affects the victim in a personal way. Personal crimes consist of homicide, assault, battery, mayhem, rape, and statutory rape. This paper will identify, define, and differentiate these types of personal crimes. Homicide â€Å"is the killing of one human being by another human being† (Schmalleger Dolatowski, 2010). There are three different types of homicide, which are justifiable, excusable, and criminal. Common law puts criminal homicide into two groups: murder and manslaughter. The Model Penal Code categorizes criminal homicide into murder, manslaughter, and negligent homicide. Justifiable homicides are legal killings acceptable by law, and society.†¦show more content†¦(1) Murders that is premeditated and committed willfully and deliberately. (2) Murders committed during perpetration or attempted perpetration of an enumerated felony, such as arson, rape, robbery, or burglary; and (3) all other types of murder (Schmalleger Dolatowski, 2010) Manslaughter is the second form of homocide and is defined as the unlawful killing of an individual without premeditiation and malice. If there was no intent to cause death or bodily harm that is likely to cause death, but the person that caused the death was negligent then it is considered manslaughter. There are two types of manslaughter and they are called voluntary and involuntary. Voluntary manslaughter involves killing in the heat of passion, in self-defense, or while commiting a felony. These are all instances in which the offender had no prior intent to kill. The circumstances caused a reasonable person to act in manner of being emotionally disturbed. Involuntary manslaughter is the unintentional killing of an individual during a lawful act. 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Italian-Jewish Writer Primo Levi, a Holocaust Survivor, states that SS officers like Eichmann lived in their own self-deception that made themRead MoreAn Ethnography Of Wall Street986 Words   |  4 PagesEmploying a Gender Lens When looking at the issue of corporate crime, it becomes apparent that gender is a factor that can play a significant role. Within the article An Ethnography of Wall Street, it is described that because of a social hierarchy, the majority of those in CEO positions are white males while those in lower positions tend to be more females. As discussed in the documentary Inside Job, the males in corporations featured tended to be impulsive risk takers which can be related to theRead MoreCrime Analysis Essay924 Words   |  4 PagesRachel Boba, â€Å"Crime analysis is a law enforcement function that involves systematic analysis for identifying and analyzing patterns and trends in crime and disorder† (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime analysis).The information on these patterns can assist law enforcement agencies in the deployment of resources in a more effective manner; it can also help detectives to identify and catch suspects. Crime analysis also plays a role in improvising solutions to crime problems, and developing crime prevention strategiesRead MoreIdentification Theft And Identity Theft1461 Words   |  6 Pages Identity theft is basically using someone’s personal information without their prior knowledge. 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The commitment of the agency includes applying sound scientific principles in all analyses, being responsive to our customers, conducting our operations in a fair and objective manner, and being a leader in advancing forensic science. The mission of the laboratory is to assist all of the local, state, and federal law enforcement agencies in Louisiana

Physical Mental Sport - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 27 Words: 8023 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Type Descriptive essay Tags: Competition Essay Did you like this example? Introduction To succeed in a given sport at any level of competition, athletes must possess specific physiologic, psychologic, and biomechanic traits critical to success in that sport, but they must also receive optimal physical, mental, and biomechanical training to maximise this genetic potential (Williams, Kreider Branch, 1999). However many athletes believe that the combination of genetic traits and optimal training alone are not sufficient to achieve maximum performance, therefore the use of ergogenic aids has become common to improve sports performance beyond the effect of training (Sundgot-Borgen, Berglund Torstveit, 2003). The use of ergogenic aids will allow athletes to gain that competitive advantage over opponents therefore leading to potential success. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Physical Mental Sport" essay for you Create order According to Williams, Kreider Branch, (1999) ergogenic aids are substances or treatments that are theoretically designed to enhance physical power, mental strength or mechanical edge therefore potentially improving athletic performance. Given the various demands of team sports such as Soccer, Rugby and Hockey, which require short intermittent bouts of high intensity exercise which are interspersed by low level exercise , it seems feasible the use of ergogenic aids in such sports may enhance and benefit performance to gain that competitive edge over opponents. One ergogenic aid which has become popular among amateur, professional and recreational athletes over recent years is Creatine Monohydrate (Cr). Creatine is a naturally occurring amino acid derivative which is found in skeletal muscle, but is also a normal dietary constituent with a daily requirement of approximately 2 to 3 grams depending on body size (Ostojic, 2001). The majority of creatine in muscles is stored in the form of phosphocreatine (PCr) which serves as an important contributor to energy metabolism during high intensity exercise (Williams, Kreider Branch, 1999). PCr provides the high energy phosphate for adenine diphosphate (ADP) to restore adenine triphosphate (ATP) concentration rapidly via the Cr kinase (CK) reaction (Clarkson, 1996). Hultman, Bergstrom and McLennan-Anderson, (1967) demonstrated that depletion of PCr stores within the muscles can lead to a decline in athletic performance during high intensity exercise, so theoretically increasing PCr stores through Cr supplementation would enhance the ability to maintain high intensity exercise over a prolonged period of time, leading to increases in sporting performance. Ahmun (2005) and Hultman, Soderlund, Timmons, Cederblad, Greenhaff, (1996) demonstrated that the average Cr concentration in human muscle can be increased through Cr supplementation over a 7 day period from 20% pre Cr to 50% post Cr. Since PCr is a substrat e for the ATP-PCr energy system which is essential for high intensity exercise of 30 seconds or less it seems logical that the supplementation of Cr would be beneficial to exercise tasks of this duration. Therefore the majority of previous research has focused on bouts of anaerobic performance of 30 seconds. To date the effect of Cr supplementation on athletic performance has been widely researched. This includes include positive effects of Cr supplementation over a prolonged period of over 4 weeks which is otherwise known as the maintenance phase (Knehans, Bemben, Bemben and Loftiss, 1998; Larson, Hunter, Trowbridge, Turk, Harbin and Torman, 1998). Also demonstrated have been positive effects of Cr supplementation on exercise performance using a shorter ingestion period known as the loading phase (Stout, Echerson, Noonan, Moore, and Cullen, 1999; Volek, Boetes, Bush, Putukian, Sebastianelli and Kraemer, 1997a). This includes improvements in performance variables such as strength , speed and delaying the onset of fatigue (Okudan and Gokbel, 2004; Volek, Kraemer, Bush, Boetes, Incledon, Clark and Lynch 1997b; Kocak Karli , 2003) Team sports consist of repeated bouts of intermittent high intensity exercise therefore consistently relying on the ATP-PCr energy system which if depleted can have a major factor on performance and the outcome of a game (Ostojic, 2004). One such sport which consists of repeated bouts of high intensity exercise is soccer. Soccer players are required to produce high power outputs and maintain or repeat them with only a few seconds of recovery, (Reilly and Williams, 2003). Such high intensity instances could be the deciding factor of a game, for example sprinting back to make a game saving tackle or sprinting past a defender to the ball to make a shot. One high intensity exercise instance which occurs in a soccer match are bouts of sprinting, which are estimated to consist of 8.1% of a 90 minute match and occur approximately ever y 90 seconds lasting between two to four seconds in duration (Bangsbo, Norregard Thorso, 1991). Given the fact that there is considerable support for Cr as an ergogenic aid it would be reasonable to suggest that a soccer players sprint performance would benefit from Cr supplementation. However there is minimal research which has looked into the effects of Cr on sprint performance and variables of soccer match play such as agility running, lateral stepping and running backwards( Cox, Mujika, Tumilty and Burke 2002; Ostojic, 2004; Mujika, Padilla, Ibanez, Izquierdo and Gorostiaga, 2000). The aforementioned studies have determined the effects of Cr on elite soccer players, female soccer players and youth soccer players (Ostojic, 2004; Mujika et al., 2000; Smart et al 1998; Cox et al., 2002). However there is no present research that looks into the effects of acute ( 7 days) Cr supplementation on sprint performance in amateur soccer players. Another aspect to consider upon testing t he effects of Cr on sprint performance on amateur soccer players is the protocol to be used. Although there have been many protocols which have been designed to measure and simulate soccer performance, plenty of these have failed to adequately simulate the different movement patterns (sprinting, walking, running backwards, lateral stepping) which are involved in a game of soccer (Drust, Reilly and Cable, 2000; Abt, Reaburn, Holmes and Gear, 2003; Thatcher and Batterham, 2004). It seems rational that when assessing components of soccer performance that the protocol that is utilised replicates the different activity patterns and demands of soccer match. If this is not taken into consideration it becomes difficult to determine whether Cr supplementation will have any benefit on soccer performance. Therefore the utilised protocol needs to concisely replicate movement patterns in soccer so that a valid assumption can be made to determine the erogeneity of acute Cr supplementation on spri nt performance in amateur soccer players. Thus the purpose of this study is to conduct an investigation that will determine the effect of acute Cr supplementation on sprint performance in Caucasian male amateur soccer players, using a soccer simulation protocol in an accurate, valid and reliable manner with two trials consisting over a 7 day period. Concluding whether or not acute Cr supplementation can be used as an ergogenic aid to improve a footballers sprint performance, therefore recommending to athletes and coaches alike. Literature Review Creatine Monohydrate: Background Creatine monohydrate is one of the most popular sporting supplements in the world today and is used by high school athletes, the elderly, professional and recreational athletes in the hope of improving physical performance (Bemben and Lamont, 2005). It is the most commonly available Cr supplement and the form primarily used in most research studies. Cr monohydrate comes in a number of forms includ ing powder, tablets, gel, liquid, chewing gum and candy (Williams, Kreider and Branch, 1999, p.43). Greenhaff (1997) indicated powdered Cr, ingested with solution to have a quicker absorption rate at raising muscle Cr concentration than using Cr supplementation of a tablet form. Conversely Vuckovich and Michaelis (1999) reported no significant difference in absorption rate between the two different forms. Dosage methods The supplementation dosages of Cr can be broken down into two different phases, otherwise known as the loading phase and maintenance phase. The loading phase that is commonly used in research consists of ingesting daily, 20-30g of Cr in four equal doses of 5-7g dissolved in around 250ml of fluid interspersed throughout the course of the day (preferably morning, noon, afternoon and evening) for a period of 5 to 7 days (Greenhaff, 1997; Kreider, 1997). Hultman et al (1996) utilised a less intense loading method of 3g/day for 28 days and proposed it to be just as effective as the aforementioned loading protocol. However this method places a longer dependency on subjects to comply with the supplementation program, therefore placing more variables into the reliability of results. Following the loading phase, maintenance dosages are considerably lower. Most research investigating the effects of Cr using the maintenance phase, have utilised dosages of 3 to 15g over a 4 to 10 week period (Bemben et al., 2001; Kreider et al., 1998; Stone et al., 1999; Vandenberghe et al., 1997). It is recommended to consume Cr with warm water, as it facilitates the dissolving of the solution and also aid absorption (Harris et al., 1992). It should also be noted that the ingestion of caffeine during Cr supplementation eradicates its potential ergogenic effect (Vandenberghe et al., 1996; Van Leemputte, Vanstapel Hespel, 1997). Vandenberghe et al (1996) demonstrated that a control group that ingested Cr combined with caffeine to have a lessened ergogenic potentia l compared to a group that ingested Cr without caffeine during repeated bouts of high intensity exercise. Side effects There is no conclusive scientific evidence to suggest that Cr ingestion has any negative side effects utilising the proposed dosage methods ( Larson et al., 1998; Schroder, Terrados Tramullas, 2005). There is further evidence to support this as Kreider et al (1999) found no negative side effects in athletes who had been ingesting Cr for up to 3 years. Poortmans and Francaux (1999) demonstrated similar findings for athletes for taking Cr for up to 5 years. Only undocumented anecdotal reports have reported any adverse negative side effects through Cr supplementation, this includes gastrointestinal distress, muscle cramping and dehydration (Associated press 1997, 1998). Taking dehydration into consideration such anecdotal research can be scrutinised. Oopik, Timpmann and Medijainen, (1995) demonstrated that Cr supplementation increased body mass, while also r eporting increases in total body water. Such findings signify that Cr supplementation may prevent dehydration rather than be a cause, due to the fact it can promote water retention. Cr supplementation has been demonstrated to increase body mass by up to 2kg over an acute period of time (Balsom et al., 1995; Becque et al., 1997). This could be recognised as a negative side effect for athletes that compete in weight control sports, as Cr ingestion may impede their ability to make regulated weight in a forthcoming event. This gives a consensus that athletes in such activities need to be made aware that although Cr can promote gains in strength and power, it can increase body mass. Physiology of Soccer Soccer players are frequently required to produce high power outputs and maintain of repeat them with only a few seconds of recovery (Reilly and Thomas, 2003). This includes intermittent bouts of kicking, tackling, turning, sprinting, changing pace and maintaining balance and con trol of the ball whilst under pressure from an opponent (Wisloff, Helgerud Hoff, 1998). To gain a scientific perspective of the different physiological demands of soccer performance, match and time motion analysis have been utilised (Bangsbo, 1994). This analysis has allowed researchers to determine the overall workload of players during a 90 minute match by calculating total distance covered, and the pattern of activities performed during a game (e.g. sprinting, cruising, walking etc). Movement patterns of Soccer It is estimated that the total distance covered during a 90 minute soccer match varies from 8.7km to 11.5km ( Bangsbo Lindquist, 1992; Ekblom, 1986; Ohashi et al., (1988); Reilly and Thomas, 1976; 1988; Rampini et al., 2007; Wade, 1962). The large variance in distances covered are due in part to the differing styles of play, levels of competition and skill level of the teams that were utilised (Luxbacher, 1997). Reilly (1994) documented the different activity pa tterns of elite outfield players from the English top division and other major national leagues in Europe and Japan using different methods of match analysis. Results found that a 90 minute match consists of 24% walking, 36% jogging, 20% cruising sub maximally (striding), 11% sprinting, 7% moving backwards and 2% moving in possession of the ball. The categories of sprinting and cruising are defined as high intensity exercise. In terms of distances covered the ratio of low intensity exercise to high intensity exercise during a soccer match is 7 to 1 denoting that the outlay of energy for soccer is predominately aerobic ( Reilly and Thomas, 1976). However the importance for high intensity bouts during soccer match play should not be underestimated. The timing of such a bout could be the defining factor of a game whether in possession of the ball or without the ball. Although work-rate profiles are relatively consistent for players from game to game it is the high intensity exercise which is the most constant feature (Bangsbo, 1994). The number of sprints reported in a soccer game varies greatly from 17 to 62 (Bangsbo et al., 1991; Mohr, Krustrup Bangsbo, 2003). This variance is largely determined by the positional role of the player. Findings by Reilly (1996) demonstrated that midfielders and strikers completed more sprinting bouts than centre backs or full backs therefore relying more on the anaerobic energy system. However if there is not a prolonged recovery period or an individual is not properly conditioned they will not subsequently recovery from high intensity bouts of exercise and fatigue will occur (Reilly, 1996). This is evident as Reilly (1996, p.72) documented that the majority of goals conceded during a soccer match occurred in the final ten minutes of play. A popular theory for this occurrence has been found to be mental fatigue or lapses in concentration from defenders (Reilly, 1996, p.72). However this can theory can be scrutinised as r esearch found that the onset of fatigue in intermittent exercise such as soccer is caused by low muscle glycogen stores (Balsom et al., 1999). Acute Cr supplementation and sprint performance in team sports Athletes in team sports such as soccer, rugby, hockey and American football are required to repeatedly reproduce intermittent bouts of high intensity exercise with minimal recovery. Being able to consistently reproduce such bouts at maximal ability (e.g. sprinting, jumping, running backwards) could be the deciding factor in competition to gain that extra edge of an opponent. During high intensity exercise of an intermittent nature the main contributor of energy is PCr (Williams, Kreider Branch, 1999, p29). Depletion of PCr stores during high intensity exercise has been found to be a factor which has lead to a decline in athletic performance (Hultman, Bergstrom and McLennan-Anderson, 1967). Through the supplementation of Cr, it hypothesised that PCr stores are replenished at a faster rate therefore improving an athletes ability to recover and perform intermittent high intensity bouts of exercise, leading to improved athletic performance (Greenhaff et al, 1993). There have been various studies that have tested this hypothesis by investigating the ergogenic effect of acute Cr supplementation on sprint performance of athletes in team sports (Ahmun et al., 2005; Cornish, Chilibeck Burke, 2006; Izquierdo et al., 2001; Kocak Karli, 2003; Romer et al., 2001; Vandebuerie et al., 1998). However the aforementioned studies have contrasting findings with a quantity of studies finding a significant improvement in sprint performance through Cr supplementation (Izquierdo et al., 2001; Romer et al., 2001; Vandebuerie et al., 1998). On the contrary other studies have found no significant improvements in sprint performance through acute Cr ingestion (Ahmun et al., 2005; Cornish, Chilibeck Burke, 2006; Kocak Karli, 2003). Ahmun et al., (2005) investigated the e rgogenic effect of Cr on sprint performance in male rugby players. For this study a Wingate test protocol was utilised prior and post Cr supplementation. Findings of this study were that there was no significant improvement in maximal cycle sprints through Cr ingestion. However in contrast Izquierdo et al., (2001) found that acute Cr supplementation improved sprint times in male hand ball players. For this study subjects were either assigned Cr or placebo over a 5 day period. The protocol that was utilised consisted of repeated sprint runs that were consistent with sprint distances achieved during handball match play. One issue that could have had a determining factor of the non significant results found by Ahmun et al (2005) is the protocol that was utilised. A Wingate test was utilised to test the sprint performance in rugby players, however the relevance of a Wingate test to measure rugby performance is not sports specific there scrutinising the validity of the results. In con trast Izquierdo et al (2001) utilised a protocol which successfully replicated distances found in handball match play therefore maintaining validity. Ahmun et al (2005) also failed to incorporate a dietary analysis into the experimental design of the protocol, therefore whether or not Cr stores within the subjects utilised were full cannot be determined, which gives rationale for results showing no significant improvement. In contrast Izquierdo et al (2001) implemented a dietary examination of subjects that were utilised; this was initiated to determine whether any subjects had ingested Cr or any ergogenic aids prior to baseline testing. This assisted with maintaining validity during research. This can be supported by Romer et al (2001) and Vandebuerie et al (1998) who utilised a protocol containing a dietary analysis and concluded a significant improvement in sprint times within subjects. Cr supplementation and Soccer performance Given the intermittent physical demands of soc cer, which requires players to produce high power outputs and maintain or repeat them with only a few seconds of recovery, (Reilly and Williams, 2003) it seems feasible that soccer players would benefit from the supplementation of Cr as an ergogenic aid to improve their overall performance. However research that has investigated the effect on acute Cr supplementation on different variables of soccer performance and predominately sprint performance utilising a soccer simulation protocol is limited (Ostojic, 2004; Mujika et al 2000; Cox et al 2002). The Aforementioned studies have primarily focused on the effects of Cr supplementation on highly trained athletes that are competing at a high standard of competition. However no previous research has looked into the effects of acute Cr supplementation on amateur soccer players. Being as though Cr monohydrate is an immensely popular ergogenic aid not only among professional athletes but also amateur and recreational athletes, the benefi t to amateur athletes needs to recognised. Previous research that has looked into the effects of acute Cr supplementation on soccer players using a soccer simulation protocol is discussed below. Ostojic (2004) examined the effects of acute Cr supplementation (3 x 10g doses for 7 days) on 20 young male soccer players (16.6  ± 1.9 years). For the testing procedure a double blind method was used and where subjects were either administered either Cr or placebo. Subjects completed two separate trials prior and post to Cr or placebo. The testing procedure consisted of a number of soccer specific skill tests which included a dribble test, sprint-power test, endurance test and a vertical jump test. Results found that there was a significant improvement in a number of the soccer specific tests; this includes superior improvements in sprint times, vertical jump scores and the dribble test. However no significant improvements were made on endurance performance after the two trials. Alt hough a significant improvement was found in vertical jump performance, it is of concern to future researchers to whether the vertical jump test that was utilised during the design is a soccer specific test. During the test subjects were instructed to keep their trunk as straight as possible whilst keeping their hands on their hips to avoid contribution from the arms which doesnt successfully replicate jumping movements in soccer therefore questioning the validity of the vertical jump test as to whether or not it is a measure of soccer specific performance. The age of the subjects in this research can also be scrutinised. Eichner, King, Myhal, Prentice and Ziegenfuss (1999) confirmed that there was insufficient research to determine the acute and chronic side effects of Cr consumption in athletes under the age of 18 therefore places the subjects which were used in the mentioned study under possible risk. Eichner et al (1999) also highlighted that Cr supplementation in young athle tes could have a possible degradation of ethics, by where a win at all costs mentality is fostered and an attitude by where ergogenic aids are necessary to win, which is the wrong message to be installing in young athletes. Likewise Mujika, Padilla, Ibanez, Izquerido and Gorostiaga (2000) concluded acute Cr supplementation (20g a day x 6 days) significantly improved sprint performance and found no significant improvement in endurance performance using a soccer simulation protocol. Mujika et al (2000) also documented no increase in vertical jump performance using a similar protocol to Ostojic (2004) which has minimal significance in a soccer simulation study. Mujika et al (2000) tested 19 elite male soccer players who at the time of investigation were highly trained, however only 17 fully completed the testing due to illness or injury. The protocol for this investigation consisted of a circuit of different exercises which consisted of a repeated sprint test (5 and 15m), vertica l jump test and an intermittent endurance test. Findings in this study concluded that mean sprint times improved significantly (p0.05) at 5m and 15m sprints times within the Cr group and also the placebo group. However one issue which causes concern in the experimental design of this study is the time of season that the testing procedure was conducted. Experimental procedures took place 3 days after the final game of the season which resulted in a drastic reduction in training load during the intervention week for the highly trained soccer player. Costill, Fink, Hargreaves, King, Thomas and Fielding (1985) and Neufer, Costill, Fielding, Flynn and Kirwan (1987) found that 7 days without training can cause a de-training effect which results in a reduced ability to generate power. This de-training effect is evident for the vertical jump test as no significant improvement between the two trials was found. However if there was a significant de training effect it would have had negativ e consequences on other testing variables such as sprint performance, this however is not the case as sprint performance significantly improved. Mujika et al (2000) should have took into consideration a possible detraining effect when devising the experimental design as this could have negatively affect the validity of the results. Cox, Mujika, Tumilty and Burke (2002) devised a study which tested Cr supplementation (20g a day) or placebo (20g glucose a day) on 14 elite female soccer players from the Australian institute of sport (AIS) using a soccer simulated protocol. The experimental design consisted of two trials before and after Cr or placebo over a 6 day period. The protocol consisted of fifty five 20m sprints, ten agility runs and a precision ball kicking drill which are separated by recovery walks, jogs and runs. The main findings in this study were that the average 20m sprint time in the Cr group decreased from 3.75  ± 0.19 to 3.69  ± 0.18s however this decrease in s print time failed to reach the statistical significance level (p0.05). Like the sprint times the average times for the agility runs failed to reach the statistical level of significance. Average times for pre and post supplementation were, respectively 10.6  ± 0.4 and 10.5  ± 0.4s. This was also the case for the precision ball kicking drill which was unaffected by the supplementation period in both groups. For the experimental design of this study Cox et al (2002) tried to standardise as many procedures as possible to reduce the variability of performance outcomes therefore increasing reliability, so that if the design was repeated the same findings would be found. This included a familiarisation trial prior to testing which enabled the subjects to be familiar with the protocol that was utilised. Cox et al (2002) also incorporated a standardised training regime and a controlled diet for the intervention week and also scheduled testing so that it would occur at the same time o f day before and after supplementation. In contrast Mujika et al (2000) failed to utilise effective standardised procedures during their experimental design. As previously mentioned Mujika et al (2000) testing procedures took place 3 days after the subjects season had finished therefore training was not standardised due to the fact that subjects had no organised training sessions during the intervention week. Mujika et al (2000) also lacked a familiarisation trial, subjects were only familiarised with the testing procedures prior to arriving for the 1st trial which could substantially affect the results. However although Cox et al (2000) standardised procedures by included a controlled diet for the subjects, it is interesting to note that one of the subjects was a vegetarian, whos Cr content is virtually zero (Greenhaff, 1997). Research has found that vegetarians respond quicker and more effectively to Cr supplementation than those who follow a normal sedentary diet and have natural muscle creatine content (Burke, Chilibeck, Parise, Candow, Mahoney Tamopolsky., 2003; Watt, Garnham Snow, 2004) therefore scrutinising the validity of the results. It may be of future reference to eradicate vegetarians in a experimental design which utilises Cr supplementation due to the diet implications that vegetarians have. Soccer Simulation performance tests To date there has been a number of soccer simulation performance tests which have been utilised to assess and measure different physiological aspects of the game (Bangsbo and Lindquist, 1992; Cox, 2002; Drust, Reilly and Cable, 2000; Nicholas, Nuttall and Williams, 2000). These protocols have been implemented so that they take into consideration different aspects of soccer performance and try to replicate the exercise patterns that are observed during match play, however due to the spontaneity of the soccer it is difficult to assess every physical or metabolic demand (Drust, Reilly and Cable, 2000). Researchers hav e used different protocols when investigating the metabolic and physical demands of soccer, these can documented into laboratory based protocols (Drust, Reilly and Cable, 2000; Thatcher and Batterham, 2004) and field based protocols (Bangsbo and Lindquist, 1992; Cox, 2002; Nicholas et al 2000). Laboratory based soccer performance protocols Drust, Reilly and Cable (2000) devised a laboratory based protocol on a motorised treadmill what represented the work rates that are observed during soccer match play. For the experimental design 7 male university soccer players (24  ± 2 years) were used and the testing consisted of three separate testing blocks which were separated by 6 days. The protocol consisted of the different exercise intensities that are utilised during soccer match play; this consisted of walking, jogging, cruising and sprinting. The speeds at which these exercises were performed on the treadmill were consistent with speeds observed by Van Gool, Van Gervan and Bou tmans (1988) during a match analysis. Each testing block consisted of two 22.5 minute cycles which consisted of 23 bouts which were followed by a recovery period of 71 seconds. During each bout the duration of each activity was as follows: walking 35 seconds (s), jogging 50.3s, cruising 51.4s and sprinting 10.5s. However in relevance to this research project it should be noted that the duration covered during the sprint bouts of the protocol of Drust, Reilly and Cable (2000) which is 10.5s does not successfully coincide with match analysis from several soccer studies that have documented the duration of sprint bouts during soccer match play. Research has found that the average sprint time during soccer match play lasts between on average two to four seconds in duration (Bangsbo, Norregard Thorso,1991; Mayhew and Wenger, 1985) therefore concluding in some instances Drust, Reilly and Cables (2000) laboratory based soccer specific protocol can be deemed as in valid as it fails to a ccurately replicate different soccer performance variables that take place in match play. Another lab based test that was utilised to measure specific variables in soccer performance was devised by Thatcher and Batterham (2004). For this protocol six male professional soccer players were used and the testing consisted of 29 minute exercise bouts on a non motorised treadmill that focused on replicating different speeds, durations, distances and heart rates that occur during soccer match play. Findings from this study suggest that the protocol that was utilised induced a similar physiological load to soccer match play and can be determined as a valid measure of soccer performance. Although lab based soccer specific protocols have been found to replicate some instances of soccer performance it is of consideration of this research project that the limitations and positives of such protocols be noted. The aforementioned lab based failed to perform a re-test procedure to conclude wh ether their protocols maintained reliability therefore the amount of error in each protocol cannot be determined. Another limitation of lab based testing is that due to tests being performed on treadmills, this limits the subjects to straight-line running only, therefore does not take into consideration lateral movements and agility patterns, which have found to be major characteristics of soccer performance (Bangsbo and Lindquist, 1992). These unorthodox movement patterns need to be taken into consideration when assessing soccer performance as they increase energy expenditure significantly (Nicholas et al., 2000). One positive aspect of lab based protocols are that procedures such as air temperature, equipment utilised and humidity can be easily standardised to remain constant throughout performance testing. Field Tests Nicholas et al (2000) devised the Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle test (LIST) to simulate the activity patterns during a game of soccer. The LIST consisted of two separate stages which were known as part A and part B. Part A lasted 70 minutes and consisted of five 15 minute exercise periods which were each separated by 3 minutes of recovery. Each 15 minute period involved a set pattern of intermittent high intensity running, which replicated activity patterns of a soccer match as found by Reilly and Thomas (1976). This consisted of bouts of maximal sprinting, walking, and bouts of running at speeds that corresponded to subjects VO2max at 55% and 95%. Part B of the LIST consisted of an open-ended period of intermittent shuttle running, designed to exhaust the subjects within approximately ten minutes. The shuttle running pattern was repeated continuously until the subjects were unable to maintain the required speed for two consecutive shuttles. Results of the LIST successfully replicated total distance (12.4km) covered during a professional soccer match (Reilly and Thomas, 1976; Tumilty, 1993) and also mean heart rate was found to be similar to those found during match play (Van Gool, Gerven and Boutmans, 1988). Although these instances were found to be similar to those in a soccer match, the LIST failed to incorporate any agility movements and solely consisted of straight-line running. It must also be noted that the participants for the LIST included rugby therefore affecting the validity of the test as the physical demands of rugby may differ to those of soccer consequently scrutinising results. Another field based soccer simulation protocol was devised by Bangsbo and Lindquist (1992). The test lasted 16.5 minutes and consisted of 40 bouts of high intensity exercise which lasted fifteen seconds and 40 bouts of low intensity exercise each lasting 10 seconds. During the high intensity bouts subjects followed a course around the edge of a penalty area on a soccer pitch which included Bouts of forward, backwards and sideways running and a agility slalom course. For the low intensity bouts players jogged into t he centre of the circuit and then returned to where they finished the last high intensity bout. Unlike the aforementioned lab and field tests, the devised soccer simulation protocol by Bangsbo and Lindquist (1992) incorporates soccer specific movements (High and low intensity running, backwards movements, agility, side stepping) which replicate soccer match play, therefore showing the highest relevance to soccer performance out of all the soccer simulation protocols investigated . Utilising a soccer simulation protocol for a nutritional intervention that successfully simulates a substantial amount of the demands of soccer match will help accurately determine whether that intervention has the potential to successfully enhance soccer performance. Methodology Eight trained male Leicestershire District League amateur soccer players ( 21.1  ± 1.5) who recreationally compete for the same team participated, all of who were physically active, and completed on average one ninety min ute full size soccer match and two 1 hour training sessions per week. Prior to the investigation subjects were informed of the potential risks and then completed a confidential medical questionnaire and a informed consent form in compliance with Loughborough College Sport and Exercise Science department. The physical characteristics of the participating subjects are shown in Table 2. During each individual trial only the researcher and a supervisor were present to eliminate a competition element amongst competitors. It is also of interest that none of the subjects had a vegetarian diet. Table 2. Physical characteristics of participating subjects (n = 8). Mean (SD) Age (yrs) 21.1 ( ± 1.5) Height (cm) 183.1 ( ± 6.5) Mass (kg) 77.0 ( ± 5.4) Modified Soccer simulation protocol 5m Walk 5m gradual increase 20m Sprint (A) 5m decelerate/ 5m walk 5m Walk 30m sprint through agility course (B) (5m between each cone) 10m Running forwards Start 40m 20m 10m sidestep outwards 10m sidestep inwards 10 running backwards 10m running forwards Finish Recovery Zone Photocell gate Cone Sprint SG 1 SG 2 SG 3 SG 4 Fig. 1. Diagram of the Modified Soccer Simulation Protocol (MSSP) (Bangsbo and Lindquist, 1992) Familiarisation Trial Prior to the first base line testing session subjects were instructed to attend a pre-trial familiarisation session (Cox et al, 2002). This allowed subjects to familiarise themselves with the running order of events of the modified soccer simulation protocol (MSSP) (Bangsbo and Lindquist,1992) and to raise any issues of concern with the researcher. During the familiarisation session weight, height and age of the subjects wa s recorded. The familiarisation trial also allowed for the researcher to undertake any alterations of adjustments which were felt to impede reliability during the intervention period. One adjustment that was utilised in preparation for the first base line testing session were the inclusion of signs stating instructions at each station, what exercise procedure was to be executed (i.e. sprinting, walking, running backwards). Reasoning for this alteration was evident as several subjects were unclear as to what exercise procedure needed to be performed at certain stations during the familiarisation session. During the agility course of the protocol all subjects were informed that they had to touch each cone with their leading hand to enhance reliability and to minimise variability in sprint times. For this trial no results were presented to the subjects. Upon arrival at the first testing session, body mass of the subjects was recorded and was measured to the nearest 0.1 kg. It was highlighted to subjects 12 hours prior to testing sessions to refrain from heavy physical activity, caffeine-foodstuffs and alcohol as they have been found curtail the effect of Cr (Vandenberghe, Gillis, Van Leemputte, Van Heckle, Vanstapel Hespel, 1996). Subjects performed the MSSP between 20.00hrs and 22.00hrs which was constant for testing sessions for each individual (Cox et al, 2002; Mujika, 2000) consisting over two trials seven days apart. Each subject was instructed to perform a standardised 10 minute warm up which was consistent with exercise procedures that took place during the MSSP. The MSSP took place on an outdoor artificial rubber crumb surface and consisted of subjects completing seven full laps of the circuit. This involved seven maximal high intensity 20m sprints at point A and seven sprints at point B through the 30m agility course which was incorporated to replicate the multi-dimensional component of soccer. Total sprint distance during the MSSP was found to be similar to sprint distances found during motion analysis of a soccer match (Bangsbo et al., 1991; Mohr et al., 2003). Sprints were interspersed by different activities which were utilised by the researcher to try and replicate all aspects of soccer performance this included walking, running backwards, running forwards and lateral stepping. Each lap was interspersed by 30s active recovery period, where subjects were encouraged to keep moving in the recovery zone. Verbal feedback was given to subjects regarding time elapsed during the recovery period which involved a countdown from 5s to initiate the start of the next lap. Each sprint was initiated by the subjects passing through a set of speed gates, which automatically started a digital timer. Trial times for the 20m sprint began when subjects passed through speed gate 1 (SG1) and the trial was completed when subjects passed through speed gate 2 (SG2). This method was also utilised for the 30m agility course. Timing for the a gility course was initiated when subjects passed through speed gate 3 (SG3) and completed when subjects passed through speed gate 4 (SG 4). Timing for the recovery period was initiated when subjects entered the recovery zone and this was monitored by the use of a hand held stopwatch. During the recovery period subjects were encouraged to keep active. A random selection process then allocated subject pairing to a creatine (n = 4) or placebo (n = 4) treatment group. The supplementation loading phase which was attributed by Hespel, Maughan and Greenhaff (2006) was utilised and commenced one day after the initial baseline trial and was terminated one day before the post intervention session. The creatine group members each ingested 5g of powdered creatine (Body Fortress, creatine monohydrate), four times daily, for seven days. The placebo group ingested a similar protocol of 20g of maltodextrins, 4 times daily for 6 days. The supplementation process that was utilised was conducted in a single blind manner to control for the placebo effect, it must also be noted that there was no researcher bias upon administering supplementation. The supplement was mixed into approximately 200ml of flavoured water to disguise taste and texture differences (Mujika et al., 2000). Subjects were instructed to consume the supplement with morning, mid-day afternoon and evening meals. Each individual supply of supplement was carefully measured and individually packed into re-sealable sandwich bags and issued to the subjects for the duration of the trial. Subjects were also administered a sufficient supply of flavoured water to consume with the supplement for the intervention week. To ensure compliance of supplement consumption, subjects were instructed to return empty sandwich bags at the end of the intervention week. Data Analysis Data was analysed using SPSS for Windows version 15.0 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL). All data presented in the text, tables and figures are represente d using mean values. Two, paired sample t-tests for mean were conducted to challenge the experimental hypothesis for the 20m sprints and agility sprints for all subjects. The paired samples t-tests will utilise mean sprint times for pre and post intervention scores, to conclude whether or not a significant difference in sprint times has been achieved between the two trials. The experimental significance level was set at P0.05. Results Side effects All subjects successfully completed the creatine (n = 4) or placebo (n = 4)supplementation protocol. None of the subjects that participated in the study reported any side effects throughout the intervention week. Analysis of intervention – 20m sprint Sprint performance of 20m sprint trials is demonstrated for both creatine and placebo groups and is illustrated in fig.3 and fig.4. Fig.3. Subject mean pre-intervention and post-intervention 20m sprint trials in the creatine group (n = 4) All subjects improved mean 20m sprint times within in the creatine group after supplementation. The overall mean 20m sprint time for all subjects within the creatine group decreased from 2.99s  ± 0.12s to 2.84  ± 0.09s respectively, however this improvement failed to reach statistical significance (p 0.44). __ Fig.4. Subject mean pre intervention and post intervention sprint trials in the placebo group (n = 4). The placebo group failed to demonstrate any significant difference between pre-supplementation and post supplementation 20m sprint times (p 0.76) with only one subject recording a minor improvement (0.05s). The average mean sprint time for the placebo group showed no significant changes, with average sprint times only fluctuating within a 0.12s range pre and post intervention. Analysis of intervention – agility sprint Sprint performance of agility sprint trials is demonstrated for both creatine and placebo groups and is illustrated in fig.5 and fig.6. Fig.5. Subject mean pre-intervention and post intervention agility sprint trials in the creatine group (n = 4) Two subjects improved mean agility sprint times within the creatine group after supplementation with subject C7 demonstrating an improvement of 0.13 seconds respectively. The mean average sprint time for the entire creatine group decreased from 7.18s  ± 0.53s to 7.15s  ± 0.46s, however this slight improvement in agility sprint time failed to reach statistical significance (p = 0.50). Fig.6. Subject mean pre-intervention and post-intervention agility sprint trials in the placebo group. The placebo collection group failed to show any significant improvements in sprint times between pre and post supplementation testing sessions (p 0.85). The average agility sprint time for the placebo group demonstrated a slight increase between pre and post intervention testing sessions. Mean sprint times increased from 7.18s  ± 0.55s to 7.20s  ± 0.48s, thus showing no significant value. Disc ussion Findings from this research study signify that creatine supplementation demonstrates no significant improvement in performance during high intensity, repeated straight line sprints, and agility sprints of trained amateur soccer players. The acquired data demonstrates that no significant difference in sprint performance was evident in placebo and creatine condition groups, following an acute, 6 day supplementation period. Although an improvement in performance was apparent for all subjects in the creatine group during 20m sprint bouts, the required level of experimental significance was not reached ( p = 0.44). Similarly the placebo group did not significantly improve sprint performance post treatment on account of their being no significant difference between pre and post intervention trials ( p = 0.76). Acute creatine supplementation also failed to report any significant ergogenic effect on repeated agility sprints. It was demonstrated that no statistical significance cou ld be identified in both creatine and placebo groups, with the creatine group only demonstrating a slight increase in agility sprint performance. Findings from this study supports research demonstrating that Cr supplementation has no ergogenic effect on repetitive, high intensity running performance in soccer players (Redondo et al., 1996; Smart et al., 1996). Conversely recent research discard findings from this study declaring creatine supplementation can improve repetitive, high intensity sprinting bouts for soccer performance (Cox et al., 2002; Mujika et al 2000; Ostojic, 2004). The Cr supplementation protocol of 20g/d for 6 days that was utilised for this study has been repeatedly demonstrated as a successful protocol to increase Cr and PCr muscle content (Ahmun, 2005; Hultman et al., 1996). A limitation of the study protocol was the inability to directly measure Cr muscle content within subjects. This would verify whether compliance of Cr ingestion was maintained through out the intervention week as a higher Cr concentration would be evident. Compliance of Cr ingestion for this study was indirectly measured by ensuring subjects returned empty sandwich bags in which supplementation was distributed. However this method cannot verify that Cr ingestion within subjects did in fact occur. Mujika et al (2000) utilised a urine sample collection process, which enabled the researcher to identify whether Cr urinary content increased therefore compliance of Cr ingestion could be identified throughout the intervention week. Acute Cr supplementation has been found to increase body mass by up to 2kg (Balsom et al., 1995; Becque et al., 1997). A limitation of this research study can be identified as post supplementation body mass failed to be measured. If an evident increase in post intervention body mass was measured within subjects, it could be therefore suggested that compliance of Cr supplementation was successful. However this can only be identified as a in conclusive assumption as increases in body mass post Cr supplementation could be identified from external factors such as dietary habits, general health and hydration status (Poortmans Francaux, 2000). Although post intervention body mass was not recorded for subjects, an indirect assumption can be made that increases in body mass could be rationale for sprint times showing no significant improvement within the creatine group. This can be supported by Balsom et al (1994) who identified that increases in body mass from acute Cr supplementation to have a counter productive effect on activities that require fast and efficient movements such as sprinting. The total time it took each subject to complete 7 laps of the MSSP lasted approximately 11-12 minutes. Despite using a soccer simulation protocol for this study it should be noted that total duration does not coincide with total duration of a soccer match (90 minutes). Therefore a true reflection of the influence of Cr, during a fu ll length soccer match cannot be determined. However to gain full compliance from coaches for subjects to complete a 90 minute protocol, from a team that were currently in the competition phase of a season was simply not feasible due to the possibility of injury or overtraining. It should also be noted that the motivation levels of subjects needs to be considered. The importance of moving backwards, sideways and having the ability to change direction are highlighted by Reilly, (1997), who states that approximately 16% of the distance covered during soccer match play involves such movements. This therefore is an advantageous aspect of the MSSP, which takes all the aforementioned components of soccer performance into consideration. However Ostojic (2004) and Mujika et al (2000) failed to utilise the multi-dimensional aspects recognised by Reilly (1997) when using a soccer simulation protocol, therefore an assumption can be made that such research fails to fully replicate many aspec ts of soccer performance, questioning findings found by such researchers. Another positive of the MSSP is that is successfully replicates total sprint distances covered during soccer match play. Bangsbo et al (1991) and Mohr et al (2003) reported that the total average sprint distance found during soccer match play to be between 343m to 771m. Total sprint distance for the MSSP is 350m, determining the MSSP as valid measure of soccer sprint performance. Another additional strength of the MSSP was its suitability of being conducted on an outdoor surface. Bangsbo (1994) stated that intermittent field tests append important data to that which can be utilised from conducting physiological testing in laboratory conditions. However there are a number of limitations to utilising a field test. Although the MSSP successfully incorporates a vast amount of soccer components, a limitation is that it fails to integrate soccer ball-skill activities. An additional limitation for this study ca n be contributed by Dawson et al (1991). The author proposed that athletes may pace themselves to ensure completion of high intensity tests such as the MSSP. As to delay fatigue athletes control effort through pacing, to ensure that PCr and ATP are not prematurely exhausted. This leads to athletes avoiding fatigue early to ensure completion of such tests (Dawson et al., 1991). However if this pacing effect is apparent, a true reflection of an athletes sprint performance cannot be determined as maximal effort will not be reached for each sprint. Prior to administration of creatine or placebo,subjects were informed of any potential side effects that could occur from Cr ingestion during the intervention week. This included side effects that have been established in research such as body mass, and anecdotal side effects such as muscle cramping, dehydration or gastro-intestinal problems. However disclosing this information to subjects may have had a negative effect. This concerns whet her the subjects were in fact truly blind to their treatment group. Although post supplementation body mass was not recorded for subjects, if subjects realised any increases in body mass throughout the intervention week, it would lead them making an assumption to which treatment group they had been assigned. Another possible assumption for the limited potential of Cr during this study is the trained status of the subjects. The experimental testing of this study took place during the competition phase of the season. Subjects were training twice a week and playing up to two 90 minute matches, which could lead to a possible assumption that subjects had high Cr concentrations prior to the study therefore limiting the ergogenic effect of Cr on sprint performance. This assumption can be supported by Cox et al (2002) who failed to find any significant difference in 20m sprint performance within trained subjects through acute Cr supplementation during the competition phase of the season. One major criticism of this study is the small sample size that was utilised leading to low statistical power. This occurred due to constraints placed on the researcher by factors such as injuries of players and non attendance to the first testing session. Tarnpolsky McLennan (2000) concluded that a sample size of at least 15 subjects is required to achieve statistical power within a study. This statement recognises that most studies that have tried to determine the ergogenic potential of Cr on sprint performance on soccer players demonstrated low statistical power. For future investigation demonstrating the effects of Cr, the work of Tarnpolsky McLennan (2000) should be taken into consideration where a sample size of at least 20 subjects should be utilised to increase statistical power and significance. In summary, taking into consideration the aforementioned limitations of this study, acute creatine supplementation does not possess any significant potential ergogenic enha ncement of repeated high intensity sprints of trained male amateur soccer players. Constraints of the study included lack of controllability over external factors such as lifestyle constraints which include dietary and sleep patterns and also environmental factors. Areas for review for future directions include, utilising a larger sample size to enhance statistical power and also incorporating a method of directly measuring Cr muscle content pre and post intervention to ensure supplementation compliance is adhered to. Further areas to consider include utilisation of a protocol which successfully replicates and tests all components of soccer performance during a 90 minute match play scenario. This would incorporate not only sprinting but the replication of ball skill work, jumping, movement patterns and general soccer skills which are essential for soccer performance. This would therefore assist with the clarification of the ergogenic potential of Cr supplementation for elite, amateu r and recreational soccer players alike.

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Uniform Crime Reporting data is delivered to the public in two ways: One way is by Web publications of traditional Uniform Crime Reporting offerings such as Crime in the United States, Law Enforcement Officers Killed and Assaulted, Hate Crime Statistics, other periodic or special compilations (Soares, 2004). Older Uniform Crime Reporting publications (from 1930 to 1995) are available from the FBI’s CJIS Division as scanned Portable Document Format (PDF) files on compact discs (CDs) (Biderman, and Lynch, 1991). Return A Master File the number of Part I Offenses (murder and nonnegligent manslaughter, forcible rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson) and additional offense data (e.g.,†¦show more content†¦Police Employee Master File includes officer assault data indicating whether the officer sustained injury; the officer’s shift (e.g., the time of the assault as well as the month of assault); duty-type (e.g., two-man vehicle, etc.); the weapon used in the assault; and the circumstance type (e.g., disturbance call) (1960–current) (Cohen, and Kenneth, 1984). Arson Master Fi e reports the number of arson offenses; the type of structure (e.g., residence, storage, motor vehicle, etc.); the total number of arson offenses cleared and the number of clearances involving only juveniles; the number of unfounded offenses; and the estimated value of property damage (1980–current) (Cohen, and Kenneth, 1984). Arrest Master File provides a total number of arrests for each of the 29 arrest classifications for male, female, and male/female combined and are presented by age, includes race breakdowns for juvenile arrestees and adult arrestees by offense type (1974–current) (Cohen, and Kenneth, 1984). Hate Crime Master File provides the quarter the incident occurred, date, victim type, total number of victims, total number of offenders and their race, the offense, the location, and the bias motivation. (1991-current) (Cohen, and Kenneth,

Current Ethical Issues free essay sample

Jeffery Day Current Ethical Issues Paper The fictional organization that I chose from the Virtual Organization is â€Å"Patton-Fuller Community Hospital. † The reason that I chose this organization is because the healthcare industry has always fascinated me. I think that it is really awesome that there are people in this world that actually choose to save others’ lives. Patton-Fuller Community Hospital is a decent place to get immediate medical treatment, and it is pretty small. Although it is not as large as a county hospital, it is still one that is precise when it comes to medical services and the medical attention that one may seek. This hospital treats the most important health concerns†¦ anyone’s! They take pride in serving their community. Patton-Fuller in fact provides healthcare services that are definitely designed to meet the needs of people at every stage of their lives. The care of the patients is a very important job to this hospital. We will write a custom essay sample on Current Ethical Issues or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They also take pride in making the hospital experience as pleasant as possible. Patton-Fuller has been serving the community proudly since the year 1975. Patton-Fuller Community Hospital encourages its patients among others that are not patients there to know the facts about the flu and the necessary measures to prevent themselves from getting the flu. This hospital has plenty of information and resources for those that are trying to stop smoking. If you are a smoker and want or need help quitting, they have plenty of help that they can offer in the aid of helping one quit. This is such an amazing and awesome opportunity for those that need the help to quit. I know that I for one am a smoker and the more I try to do it on my own, I find that I fail. Not everyone can just quit by themselves. I feel that sometimes some people just may need that extra help in their lives to get past whatever addictions it is they are going through. Through Patton-Fuller Community Hospital, those people whom find themselves needing help will definitely have that help. Patton-Fuller Community Hospital has their own blood bank and they do blood drives as well. They pride themselves in saying that when you give your blood, you may save a life. I totally agree with them. I feel that the blood donations are very helpful and very much appreciated. When someone may need a blood transfusion and they do not have any living or close relatives with the same blood type, blood that has been donated would be the next best thing. I could not be happier with blood drives and blood banks. Patton-Fuller Community Hospital is one that seriously promotes heart health. This is such an awesome thing for them to promote, especially now that we are living in a world where obesity seems to rule. Heart health should be taken very serious, and very serious is just how Patton-Fuller Community Hospital takes heart health. I very much appreciate this organization. If you go to the Patton-Fuller Community Hospital website to see exactly all that they have to offer, you will see many interesting things on there. For instance, when you look on their website and click on the â€Å"facilities† tab, you will see their floor plan. I like that because you can see exactly where everything is before you even get there. Since I personally am a mother of small children, I really appreciate when I have to take my child (ren) to the hospital and there is a place especially for them to be kids. The Patton-Fuller Community hospital has a play room just for the children. I think that is very awesome personally. The place is set up very nice for families. It has a decorative fountain, two fish tanks, a nurse’s station, back office, family bathroom, elevator, vending area, and an emergency waiting area as well. The website also offers a page of policies and procedures of their organization which I feel is very important. I know that I have said it plenty of times before, but Patton-Fuller Community Hospital is a very family oriented and clean hospital. They definitely take pride in what they do and tending to the needs of those who come to their organization.

Global Business for Journal of Conflict Management-myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theGlobal Business for Journal of Conflict Management. Answer: Consider an automobile company that also produces automotive parts and thinks of expanding business in a new market. One easy way of business expansion is to gain access to a new market through export. Now, both the country A and B import automobile or automotive cars. In order to choose export destination, a number of macro variables needs to be considered. Gross Domestic Product of is the measure of overall productivity a nation (Uribe Schmitt-Groh, 2017). GDP of country A is US $ 2.081 trillion. The GDP for country B on the other hand is US $ 216 billion. The per capita income is also higher in country A than that in country B. The country A has an average income (GDP per capita, PPP) is US $ 15,000 and that is country B is US $ 6,900. Most of the population in country A is live above the poverty line. Only 3.7% people in country A is living below the poverty line. However, this statistic for country B is 11.3%. Country A is highly urbanized with 86.2% people resides in urban. Th e share of urban population in country B is only 34.9%. All these suggest as an export market of Automobiles Country A is in a better position than country B. Consider the situation of a petrochemical company that refines petroleum oil and engages in production of petroleum products. Crude oil is one primary resource needed for this business. To supplement domestic supply, however the business need some source of import of crude oil. Country Bs one of the major export is crude oil. This implies the country has abundant supply of crude oil. However, the country is not much developed as country A. This is reflected from the percentage share of employment in three major sectors of the economy. In country A, the share of agricultural employment is 10%, industrial employment is 39.8% and service sector employment is 50.2%. The corresponding shares for country B are 48%, 21% and 31% respectively. The share clearly shows country B is an agriculture dependent nation. Because of lack of industrial development the demand of crude oil in country B is greater than that is country A. Petroleum products belong to the major importable of country B. There fore, country B has appeared to be a better source of importing crude oil for the business. The last conclusion that can be drawn looking at the socio economic data for the two countries is the decision regarding choice of location for Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). Suppose, a company is deciding to expand business of producing transport equipment in some foreign market. FDI is one direct mode of entering in foreign market. The factors that needs to be considered while selecting FDI location include economic and political stability, geographic location, availability of skilled laborers, market size, operation cost and other (Lien Filatotchev, 2015). GDP and per capital GDP are two important indicators of economic stability. In terms of both indicators, country A is in a more stable state than country B. The adult literacy rate though slightly higher in country B (94.7%) than country A (92.6%) but the industrial and service sector is more developed in country A as compared to country B. This attracts FDI in country A. The rate of unemployment in country A is 13.1 percent while than in country B is 2.3%. The foreign direct investment creates more job opportunities in the nation. Therefore, government in country A might provide tax concession or other incentives to the entering business firm. Foreign market entry mode- international joint venture The beneficial effect of entering in a foreign market depends on the mode of entering in the market. The four common channel of entering in a foreign market exporting, Licensing, Joint venture and direct investment. In Joint venture, two business firms located in two or more nation enter in a mutually beneficial partnership. The five common objectives of such a partnership include enter in a new market, share of risk between partners, share of technological knowledge, development of joint product and confront government regulation (Wong et al., 2018). The key aspects to be considered in a joint venture are control, ownership, length of agreement, pricing strategy, technology transfer, capabilities and resources of local firms and intention of government. A wholly owned subsidiary on the other hand makes independent operation as a parent company. Here, the entering firm has its own structure of management, clients base and products. The main advantage of international joint venture is the risk sharing among the partners. Entering in a new market involves different kind of market risks. In the wholly owned subsidiary, such risks had to borne by the single company (Yan Luo, 2016). In joint venture, however the risk is shared among the partnered firms. When one business fails then the resulting losses are shared between companies. Joint venture also minimizes risk by providing a greater access to local resources and capital to the newly entered firm. However, there are some potential risk or disadvantage in a joint venture. As like risks, profits are also shared between companies. Therefore, in a joint venture firm receives a lower profit as compared to a wholly owned subsidiary company (Wong et al., 2018). Problem may occur in a joint venture in case of interest of partner contradicts. References Lien, Y. C., Filatotchev, I. (2015). Ownership characteristics as determinants of FDI location decisions in emerging economies.Journal of World Business,50(4), 637-650. Uribe, M., Schmitt-Groh, S. (2017).Open economy macroeconomics. Princeton University Press. Wong, A., Wei, L., Wang, X., Tjosvold, D. (2018). Collectivist values for constructive conflict management in international joint venture effectiveness.International Journal of Conflict Management,29(1), 126-143. Yan, A., Luo, Y. (2016).International joint ventures: Theory and practice. Routledge.